On the Road Again Great Lakes States Map Answers
The 49th Parallel: the Line Between the US and Canada
The v,525-mile-long edge between Canada and the The states of America is the longest undefended international boundary in the world, but how did information technology come to be?
Though the countries may seem similar model neighbors, but information technology took centuries of arguing, skirmishes, and outright wars to settle the matter of who got what in Northward America. Fifty-fifty after a century and a one-half of relative peace, today at that place are still a few areas that are withal in dispute, and it doesn't evidence signs of being settled whatsoever time soon.
If you lot're interested in how this insufficiently simple partitioning of state occurred, here's how information technology went downwards:
1700s
1775 – During the Revolutionary War, the American colonists hoped Quebec and Nova Scotia would be their allies confronting the British. The before long-to-exist U.South. got impatient, though, and took matters into its own hands, invading its neighbour to the northward and taking Montreal in the kickoff big military machine maneuver of the war. A calendar month later, they were pushed back in a major defeat known as the Battle of Quebec.
1783 – After the war, a victorious U.S. demanded that Britain give them Canada. Unsurprisingly, the British refused. The parties settled the boundaries, or so they thought, by using the 45thursday parallel as the northern border between New York and New Brunswick, and creating an imaginary line through the Swell Lakes. No ane knew much about what existed beyond the Mississippi River to the west, and so those boundaries were left murky, to say the least.
1800s
1803 – The immature United states made a very good deal with France, known as the Louisiana Buy. For 15 1000000 dollars, they bought a vast swath of territory that reached from Gulf of Mexico to the Rockies (or Stony Mountains, as they were called then). The British and the U.Due south. used the watershed between the Hudson Bay and the Mississippi/Missouri rivers to establish the northern border for the newly purchased lands. That turned out to exist a bad idea, because the watershed was besides flat to exist measured accurately.
1812 – During the War of 1812, the United states invaded Canada again, not one time, only twice, every bit a way of attacking British interests. Some Americans thought taking Canada would be a walk in the park, but they suffered a humiliating defeat in the Siege of Detroit, aided past the Native American Tecumseh. Every bit well, British forces landed nigh Washington D.C., burning the US Capitol and the White Business firm.
In 1814, a treaty restored the original boundaries. Many Canadians fought during the war, which created a new sense of national identity.
1818 – American settlers had streamed further w, encouraged by a belief in Manifest Destiny, which held that America was meant to stretch from declension to coast. That pressured Britain and the US to return to the border-negotiating table.
Surveyors were struggling against not bad odds to map exactly what existed in the largely rugged terrain. The powers-that-were decided to use a straight line - the 49th parallel – to demarcate the border up to the Rockies.
For now, Britain and the U.S immune it to remain open up to whoever could survive out there. Surveying mistakes led to an bibelot that even so exists, the Northwest Bending. Information technology's office of Minnesota, but if you want to go at that place by land, you take to travel through Canada, twice.
1846 – The understanding to continue the Oregon and Columbia territories neutral was falling apart. Thousands of Americans had stakes in the region, and the U.Due south. was pushing hard confronting Britain's Hudson Bay Company, which controlled Canadian interests. President James Chiliad. Polk demanded that U.S. territory be extended northward, past the 49thursday parallel.
The slogan "54° 40' or Fight" became a rallying cry for his supporters. In the end, the U.Due south. blinked, and Polk agreed to let the 49thursday parallel become the official dividing line for the westernmost areas of the two countries, resolving (most) the concluding major piece of the Canadian-U.Due south. puzzle. Spats over small areas would continue for decades.
1867 – Canada is granted its independence from U.k.. Based upon a drive for self-determination from the Canadian provinces, and a desire from Britain for Canada to defend itself against American encroachment, this process was peaceful and did not lead to a military dispute as seen in America'due south War of Independence.
The first Canadian prime number minister Sir John A. MacDonald drives the creation of a transcontinental railroad in order to allow quick movements of troops to the western territories of Canada in case of American expansion.
1900s
1908 – A treaty betwixt the two nations is signed, establishing a joint commission tasked with surveying and delineating the border between the two neighbors.
1925 – Canada and America agree to make the International Boundary Commission permanent, in social club to maintain the state and monuments along the border.
One of its responsibilities is maintenance of the Peace Arch, which was congenital on the exact line between the ii nations, in Washington Land in the U.S. and British Columbia in Canada. On the U.S side, the monument reads "Children Of a Common Mother," and on the Canadian side "Brethren Abode together in Unity." And for the most part, both are true.
Current
The U.S. and Canada have agreed to disagree over a few remaining sections of land, including Machias Seal Island in the east, which has a Canadian lighthouse but is claimed past the U.S.
There is also the matter of the Northwest Passage, which Canada says is hers but the U.Southward. says is international shipping waters. A minor piece off territorial waters off the coast of the Yukon (a Canadian Territory) is claimed by the U.South. every bit a special economic zone.
As far as we know, at that place are no more plans to invade, still. Information technology was a long road, but in the terminate, Canada and the United States reached a harmonious human relationship that stretches from the Atlantic to the Pacific.
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Source: https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-49th-parallel.html
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