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Royal Yard Sale the Sale of the Late Kings Goods Charles I and His Art Collection

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Unit of length

Yard
Unit system imperial/US units
Unit of Length
Symbol yd
Conversions
1 yd in ... ... is equal to ...
Imperial/US units 3 ft
36 in
Metric (SI) units 0.9144 m

Bronze One thousand No.11, the official standard of length for the U.s. between 1855 and 1892, when the Treasury Section formally adopted a metric standard. Statuary K No.11 was forged to be an exact copy of the British Royal Standard One thousand held past Parliament. Both are line standards: the thousand was divers past the distance at 62°F between two fine lines fatigued on gold plugs (closeup, elevation) installed in recesses about each stop of the bar.

2 yardsticks, used for measuring "yard goods"

The thou (symbol: yd)[3] [iv] is an English language unit of length in both the British purple and Us customary systems of measurement equalling three feet or 36 inches. Since 1959 it has been by international agreement standardized as exactly 0.9144 meter. A distance of 1,760 yards is equal to 1 mile.

The US survey yard is very slightly longer.

Name [edit]

The term, k derives from the Erstwhile English gerd , gyrd etc., which was used for branches, staves and measuring rods.[v] It is first attested in the late seventh century laws of Ine of Wessex,[vi] where the "yard of land" mentioned[6] is the yardland, an old English unit of tax cess equal to 1⁄iv  hide.[n 1] Around the same time the Lindisfarne Gospels account of the messengers from John the Baptist in the Gospel of Matthew[7] used information technology for a branch swayed by the current of air.[5] In addition to the yardland, Sometime and Center English both used their forms of "g" to denote the surveying lengths of xv feet (iv.vi thousand) or 16.5 feet (five.0 chiliad), used in calculating acres, a distance at present usually known every bit the "rod".[5]

A unit of three English feet is attested in a statute of c.  1300 (see below), but in that location it is chosen an ell ( ulna , lit. "arm"), a dissever and usually longer unit of around 45 inches (1,100 mm). The employ of the word 'yard' (Heart English language: ȝerd or ȝerde ) to describe this length is first attested in William Langland's verse form on Piers Plowman.[5] [north 2] The usage seems to derive from the paradigm standard rods held by the king and his magistrates (meet below).

The word 'yard' is a homonym of 'grand' in the sense of an enclosed expanse of land. This second meaning of 'chiliad' has an etymology related to the word 'garden' and is not related to the unit of measurement.[ten] [11]

History [edit]

Origin [edit]

The origin of the one thousand measure is uncertain. Both the Romans and the Welsh used multiples of a shorter pes, but 2+ 1⁄2  Roman feet was a "step" (Latin: gradus) and 3 Welsh feet was a "pace" (Welsh: cam). The Proto-Germanic cubit or arm's-length has been reconstructed every bit *alinâ, which developed into the Old English ęln , Centre English elne , and modern ell of 1.25 yd (1.14 m). This has led some to derive the yard of iii English language anxiety from pacing; others from the ell or cubit; and still others from Henry I's arm standard (come across beneath). Based on the etymology of the other "yard", some suggest information technology originally derived from the girth of a person'due south waist, while others believe information technology originated as a cubic measure.[ citation needed ] One official British written report writes:

The standard of measure has always been taken either from some part of the human torso, such as a foot, the length of the arm, the span of the manus, or from other natural objects, such as a barleycorn, or other kind of grain. But the thou was the original standard adopted by the early on English language sovereigns, and has been supposed to exist founded upon the breadth of the breast of the Saxon race. The 1000 continued till the reign of Henry Vii., when the ell was introduced, that being a yard and a quarter, or 45 inches. The ell was borrowed from the Paris drapers. After, however, Queen Elizabeth re-introduced the chiliad as the English language standard of measure.[12]

From ell to yard [edit]

The earliest tape of a image measure is the statute 2 Edgar Cap. eight (AD 959x 963), which survives in several variant manuscripts. In it, Edgar the Peaceful directed the Witenagemot at Andover that "the measure held at Winchester" should be observed throughout his realm.[13] (Some manuscripts read "at London and at Winchester".)[fourteen] [15] The statutes of William I similarly refer to and uphold the standard measures of his predecessors without naming them.

William of Malmesbury's Deeds of the Kings of England records that during the reign of Henry I (1100 - 1135), "the measure of his arm was practical to correct the false ell of the traders and enjoined on all throughout England."[xvi] The folktale that the length was divisional past the king's olfactory organ[17] was added some centuries later. C.M. Watson dismisses William's account as "childish",[18] but William was amid the most conscientious and trustworthy medieval historians.[nineteen] The French "king's foot" was supposed to have derived from Charlemagne,[19] and the English kings afterward repeatedly intervened to impose shorter units with the aim of increasing tax acquirement.[ citation needed ]

The earliest surviving definition of this shorter unit appears in the Act on the Composition of Yards and Perches, one of the statutes of uncertain date[n 3] tentatively dated to the reign of Edward I or Two c.  1300. Its wording varies in surviving accounts. One reads:[21]

It is ordained that three grains of barley dry and round do make an inch, 12 inches brand 1 foot, three feet make one yard, five yards and a half make a perch, and xl perches in length and 4 in breadth brand an acre.

The Liber Horn compilation (1311) includes that statute with slightly different wording and adds:[22]

And be it remembered that the iron yard of our Lord the King containeth 3 anxiety and no more than, and a foot ought to contain 12 inches by the correct measure out of this yard measured, to wit, the 36th part of this 1000 rightly measured maketh one inch neither more nor less and v yards and a half make a perch that is sixteen feet and a half measured by the aforesaid 1000 of our Lord the Rex.

In some early books, this act was appended to some other statute of uncertain date titled the Statute for the Measuring of Land. The act was not repealed until the Weights and Measures Act of 1824.[24]

Grand and inch [edit]

In a police of 1439 (eighteen Henry VI. Cap. 16.) the sale of cloth past the "yard and scattering" was abolished, and the "yard and inch" instituted.[25]

There shall be only one Measure out of Cloth through the Realm by the Yard and the Inch, and non by the Grand and Handful, according to the London Measure.

According to Connor,[26] textile merchants had previously sold cloth past the yard and handful to evade high taxes on fabric (the actress scattering being substantially a blackness-market transaction). Enforcement efforts resulted in material merchants switching over to the one thousand and inch, at which point the government gave upwardly and made the thou and inch official. In 1552, the yard and inch for material measurement was once again sanctioned in law (5 & six Edward VI Cap. 6. An Act for the true making of Woolen Cloth.)[27]

XIV. And that all and every Wide Fabric and Apparel chosen Taunton Dress, Bridgwaters, and other Clothes which shall exist made later on the said Banquet in Taunton, Bridgwater or in other Places of like Sort, shall contain at the H2o in Length between twelve and thirteen Yards, 1000 and Inch of the Rule, and in Latitude seven Quarters of a Yard: (2) And every narrow Cloth fabricated after the said Banquet in the said Towns or elsewhere of like Sorts, shall contain in the Water in Length between 3 and twenty and five and twenty Yards, Grand and Inch equally is aforesaid, and in Breadth ane Yard of like Measure; (three) and every such Fabric, both Wide and Narrow beingness well scowred, thicked, milled and fully dried, shall weigh xxxiv. li. the Slice at the least.

15. And that all Wearing apparel named Cheque-Kersie and Straits, which shall be fabricated afterward the said Feast shall comprise being wet betwixt seventeen and eighteen Yards, with the Inches equally is aforesaid, and in Breadth ane Thou at the least at the H2o; and being well scowred, thicked, milled and fully stale, shall weigh xxiv. li. the Piece at the least.

The yard and inch for cloth measurement was likewise sanctioned again in legislation of 1557–1558 (4 & 5 Philip and Mary Cap. 5. An act touching the making of woolen apparel. par. IX.)[28]

IX. Item, That every ordinary kersie mentioned in the said act shall contain in length in the water betwixt 16. and xvii. yards, yard and inch; and being well scoured thicked, milled, dressed and fully dried, shall weigh 19 pounds the slice at the least:...

As recently as 1593, the same principle is establish mentioned once more (35 Elizabeth. Cap. x. An human activity for the reformation of sundry abuses in apparel, chosen Devonshire kerjies or dozens, according to a proclamation of the xxx-fourth year of the reign of our sovereign lady the Queen that now is. par. 3.)[29]

(2) and each and every of the same Devonshire kersies or dozens, so being raw, and as it cometh along off the weaver's loom (without racking, stretching, straining or other device to encrease the length thereof) shall contain in length between fifteen and sixteen yards past the measure of yard and inch by the rule,...

Physical standards [edit]

One of the oldest yard-rods in existence is the clothyard of the Worshipful Visitor of Merchant Taylors. It consists of a hexagonal atomic number 26 rod 5⁄8  in (xvi mm) in diameter and 1⁄100  in (0.25 mm) brusk of a grand, encased inside a silver rod bearing the authentication 1445.[26] [30] In the early on 15th century, the Merchant Taylors Company was authorized to "make search" at the opening of the almanac St. Bartholomew'southward Day Fabric Fair.[31] [32] In the mid-18th century, Graham[ who? ] compared the standard yard of the Regal Society to other existing standards. These were a "long-disused" standard made in 1490 during the reign of Henry VII,[33] and a contumely yard and a brass ell from 1588 in the time of Queen Elizabeth and even so in apply at the time, held at the Exchequer;[34] a brass k and a brass ell at the Guildhall; and a brass yard presented to the Clock-Makers' Company past the Exchequer in 1671.[35] The Exchequer thousand was taken equally "true"; the variation was found to be + i⁄20 to − one⁄fifteen of an inch, and an additional graduation for the Exchequer yard was made on the Regal Society's standard.[35] In 1758 the legislature required the construction of a standard m, which was made from the Royal Society'south standard and was deposited with the clerk of the House of Commons; it was divided into feet, ane of the feet into inches, and i of the inches into tenths.[35] A copy of it, but with upright cheeks between which other measuring rods could be placed, was made for the Exchequer for commercial utilise.[35] [36]

19th-century Britain [edit]

Following Purple Society investigations by John Playfair, Hyde Wollaston and John Warner in 1814 a commission of parliament proposed defining the standard yard based upon the length of a seconds pendulum. This idea was examined but not approved.[37] The Weights and Measures Human action of 1824 (5° George Four. Cap. 74.) An Human action for ascertaining and establishing Uniformity of Weights and Measures stipulates that:[38]

From and after the Kickoff Twenty-four hours of May 1000 viii hundred and 20 5 the Direct Line or Altitude between the Centres of the Two Points in the Gold Studs of the Straight Brass Rod now in the Custody of the Clerk of the House of Eatables whereon the Words and Figures "Standard Yard 1760" are engraved shall be and the same is hereby declared to be the original and 18-carat Standard of that Measure of Length or lineal Extension called a Yard; and that the same Straight Line or Altitude between the Centres of the said 2 Points in the said Gold Studs in the said Contumely Rod the Brass existence at the Temperature of Threescore two Degrees past Fahrenheit'southward Thermometer shall be and is hereby denominated the Regal Standard Yard and shall be and is hereby declared to exist the Unit or only Standard Measure of Extension, wherefrom or whereby all other Measures of Extension whatsoever, whether the same be lineal, superficial or solid, shall be derived, computed and ascertained; and that all Measures of Length shall be taken in Parts or Multiples, or certain Proportions of the said Standard Yard; and that One 3rd Part of the said Standard Yard shall be a Foot, and the Twelfth Part of such Foot shall exist an Inch; and that the Pole or Perch in Length shall contain Five such Yards and a One-half, the Furlong Two hundred and xx such Yards, and the Mile I thousand seven hundred and sixty such Yards.

In 1834, the main Imperial thou standard was partially destroyed in a fire known as the Called-for of Parliament.[39] [n 4]. In 1838, a commission[n five] was formed to reconstruct the lost standards, including the troy pound, which had also been destroyed.[43] In 1845, a new thousand standard was constructed based on ii previously existing standards known equally A1 and A2, both of which had been made for the Ordnance Survey, and R.S. 46, the thousand of the Majestic Astronomical Gild. All three had been compared to the Majestic standard before the fire.

The new standard was fabricated of Baily's metal No. four consisting of 16 parts copper, 2+ 1⁄two parts tin, and 1 part zinc. It was 38 inches long and 1 inch foursquare. The Weights and Measures Human activity of 1855 granted official recognition to the new standards. Betwixt 1845 and 1855 forty yard standards were constructed, one of which was selected as the new Imperial standard. 4 others, known as Parliamentary Copies, were distributed to The Imperial Mint, The Majestic Society of London, The Royal Observatory at Greenwich, and the New Palace at Westminster, normally called the Houses of Parliament.[44] The other 35 1000 standards were distributed to the cities of London, Edinburgh, and Dublin, too every bit the Usa and other countries (although but the kickoff five had official condition).[45] The imperial standard received by the U.s.a. is known equally "Statuary Yard No. 11"[46]

The Weights and Measures Act 1878 confirmed the status of the existing yard standard, mandated regular intercomparisons between the several thousand standards, and authorized the structure of one additional Parliamentary Re-create (made in 1879 and known every bit Parliamentary Copy VI).[47]

Definition of the m in terms of the meter [edit]

Subsequent measurements revealed that the yard standard and its copies were shrinking at the charge per unit of ane part per meg every twenty years due to the gradual release of strain incurred during the fabrication procedure.[48] [49] The international image meter, on the other hand, was comparatively stable. A measurement made in 1895 determined the length of the meter at 39.370113 inches relative to the majestic standard yard. The Weights and Measures (Metric) Deed of 1897[50] in conjunction with Order in Council 411 (1898) fabricated this relationship official. Subsequently 1898, the de facto legal definition of the yard came to exist accepted every bit 36⁄ 39.370113 of a meter.

The yard (known as the "international yard" in the United States) was legally defined to exist exactly 0.9144 meter in 1959 nether an agreement in 1959 between Australia, Canada, New Zealand, Due south Africa, the United Kingdom and the U.s.a..[51] In the United kingdom, the provisions of the treaty were ratified by the Weights and Measures Act of 1963. The Imperial Standard K of 1855 was renamed the United Kingdom Principal Standard M and retained its official status as the national prototype thou.[52] [53]

Current utilize [edit]

In Uk road signs, shorter distances (such as Picnic expanse 150 yards ahead) are given in yards, with longer distances given in miles

The yard is used every bit the standard unit of field-length measurement in American,[54] Canadian[55] and association football,[56] cricket pitch dimensions,[57] and in some countries, golf game fairway measurements.

There are corresponding units of area and volume, the square yard and cubic yard respectively. These are sometimes referred to simply as "yards" when no ambiguity is possible, for example an American or Canadian concrete mixer may be marked with a chapters of "9 yards" or "1.five yards", where cubic yards are obviously referred to.

Yards are also used and are the legal requirement on road signs for shorter distances in the Great britain, and are also frequently institute in chat between Britons much similar in the United States for distance.[58]

Textiles and fat quarters [edit]

The thousand, subdivided into eighths, is used for the purchase of fabrics in the United states of america and Britain[59] [due north 6] and was previously used elsewhere. In the United States the term "fat quarter" is used for a piece of material which is half a yard in length cut from a ringlet and then cutting again forth the width so that it is only half the width of the ringlet, thus the same area as a piece of i quarter yard cut from the total width of the ringlet; these pieces are popular for patchwork and quilting.[61] The term "fat eighth" is too used, for a slice of one quarter yard from half the gyre width, the aforementioned area every bit one eighth cut from the roll.[62]

Equivalences [edit]

For purposes of measuring cloth, the early on yard was divided by the binary method into two, four, eight and sixteen parts.[63] The two most common divisions were the 4th and sixteenth parts. The quarter of a m (9 inches) was known as the "quarter" without further qualification, while the sixteenth of a 1000 (2.25 inches) was called a nail.[64] The eighth of a thousand (four.5 inches) was sometimes called a finger,[65] simply was more unremarkably referred to simply as an eighth of a chiliad, while the half-m (18 inches) was called "half a g".[66]

Other units related to the grand, just non specific to cloth measurement: ii yards are a fathom, a quarter of a yard (when not referring to cloth) is a bridge.[67]

Conversions [edit]

  • international chiliad (defined 1959):[68] [69]
1250 (international) yards = 1143 meters
one (international) yard = 0.9144 meters (exact)[70]
one (international) statute mile = 8 international furlongs = fourscore international bondage = 1760 (international) yards
  • pre-1959 Us thou – defined 1869, implemented 1893[71]
For survey purposes, sure pre-1959 units were retained, unremarkably prefaced by the word "survey," amidst them the survey inch, survey pes, and survey mile, also known as the statute mile. The rod and furlong exist only in their pre-1959 course and are thus not prefaced by the give-and-take "survey." Notwithstanding, it is not clear if a "survey yard" actually exists.[72] If it did, its hypothetical values would be as follows:
3937 survey yards = 3600 meters[71]
1 survey yard ≈ 0.914401 83 meters[71]
i survey statute mile = 8 furlongs = fourscore chains = 1760 survey yards
  • Comparing international yards and survey yards
500,000 (international) yards = 499,999 survey yards = 457,200 meters
ane (international) k = 0.999998 survey yards (verbal)[71]
1 (international) mile = 0.999998 survey miles(exact)

See as well [edit]

  • Guz, the yard of Asia
  • 3 ft gauge railways
  • Vara
  • Yardstick

Notes [edit]

  1. ^ The afterwards Latin gloss virgata terre describes it as "branched".
  2. ^ Middle English: Thanne drowe I me amonges draperes · my donet to lerne / To drawe þe lyser alonge [·] þe lenger it semed / Amonge þe riche rayes · I rendred a lessoun / To broche hem with a bat-nedle · and plaited hem togyderes / And put hem in a presse · and pyned hem þerinne / Tyl ten ȝerdes or twelue · tolled out threttene [8] Translation: "And so tarried I among drapers · my grammer to learn; /To draw the selvedge along · the longer information technology seemed; /Amidst the rich ranged cloths · rendered a lesson, / To pierce them with a pack-needle · and plait them together, / Put them in a printing · and pin them therein / Till ten yards or twelve · had tolled out to thirteen.[9]
  3. ^ Although not originally statutes, the statutes of an uncertain engagement were eventually accepted as such with the passage of time.
  4. ^ The following references are useful for identifying the authors of the preceding reference: Ref.,[40] Ref.,[41] and Ref.[42]
  5. ^ Whose report was referenced in Ref.[39]
  6. ^ In the United Kingdom fabric may be sold by the yard if the equivalent metric measure is also given. Major shops sell past the meter.[sixty]

References [edit]

Citations [edit]

  1. ^ Bennett (2004), p. 8.
  2. ^ Ewart (1862), pp. 112–113.
  3. ^ "Recommended Unit Symbols, SI Prefixes, and Abbreviations" (PDF). Constitute of Electric and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). Retrieved 7 April 2021.
  4. ^ BS350:Office 1:1974 Conversion factors and tables Part 1. Basis of tables. Conversion factors. British Standards Institution. 1974. pp. 5, 100.
  5. ^ a b c d OED (1921), "yard, n.2".
  6. ^ a b Thorpe (1840), p. 63.
  7. ^ Matthew 11:7
  8. ^ Langland (1377), Ch. 5:ll, lines 211–216.
  9. ^ Attwater (1957), p. 38.
  10. ^ OED (1921), "grand, n.1".
  11. ^ OED (1921), "gird, v.one".
  12. ^ Written report from the Select Committee on Weights and Measures; together with the Proceedings of the Committee, Minutes of Evidence, Appendix and Alphabetize. London. four August 1862.
  13. ^ Thorpe (1840).
  14. ^ Thorpe (1840), p. 113.
  15. ^ Liebermann (1903), p. 204–206.
  16. ^ Giles 1866, p. 445.
  17. ^ Green (1986), p. 106.
  18. ^ Watson (1910), pp. 36–39.
  19. ^ a b Connor (1987), p. xxiv.
  20. ^ Ruffhead (1765), p. 421.
  21. ^ BL Cotton MS Claudius D2, cited and translated in Ruffhead.[20]
  22. ^ Fowler (1884), p. 276.
  23. ^ Statutes (1824), p. 349.
  24. ^ 5 George Iv C. 74, §24.[23]
  25. ^ Statutes at Large. 1763. p. 594.
  26. ^ a b Connor (1987).
  27. ^ Owen Ruffhead, ed. (1763). The statutes at large. Vol. 2. p. 442.
  28. ^ Britain; Pickering, Danby (1763). Danby Pickering (ed.). The statutes at large. Vol. 6. Printed past J. Bentham. p. 96.
  29. ^ Great Great britain; Pickering, Danby (1763). The statutes at big. Vol. half dozen. Printed by J. Bentham. p. 444.
  30. ^ Robinson, Sir John Charles; Victoria and Albert museum (1863). Catalogue of the special exhibition of works of fine art of the mediæval, Renaissance, and more than contempo periods, on loan at the South Kensington museum, June 1862. Printed by George Eastward. Eyre and William Spottiswoode, printers to the Queen'southward nearly excellent Majesty. For Her Majesty's Jotter Role. p. 452.
  31. ^ William Carew Hazlitt (1892). The livery companies of the city of London: their origin, character, development, and social and political importance. S. Sonnenschein & co. p. 280.
  32. ^ Clode, Charles Mathew (1888). The early history of the Guild of merchant taylors of the fraternity of St. John the Baptist, London: with notices of the lives of some of its eminent members. Harrison. p. 128.
  33. ^ Warden of the Standards (1873). Seventh annual study of the Warden of the Standards, on the proceedings and business of the standard weights and measures section of the Lath of Trade, for 1872–73, Appendix 3. Vol. 38. Firm of Commons. p. 34. (pp 374 of volume)
  34. ^ Warden of the Standards (1873). Seventh annual report of the Warden of the Standards, on the proceedings and business of the standard weights and measures department of the Lath of Trade, for 1872–73, Appendix III. Vol. 38. House of Eatables. p. 25,26. (pp 364,365 of book)
  35. ^ a b c d Knight, Charles (1840). The Penny magazine of the Society for the Improvidence of Useful Knowledge, Book 9. London: Society for the Diffusion of Useful Cognition. pp. 221–2. In 1758 the legislature turned attention to this discipline; and afterward some investigations on the comparative lengths of the diverse standards, ordered a rod to be made of brass, nigh 38 or 39 inches long, and graduated from the Royal Society's yard : this was marked "Standard Yard, 1758," and was laid by in the care of the clerk of the House of Commons. For commercial purposes another bar was fabricated, with the yard marked off from the same standard; just it had two upright fixed cheeks, placed exactly a yard asunder, between which any commercial yard measures might be placed, in guild to have their accuracy tested : it was graduated into feet, i of the anxiety into inches, and one of the inches into 10 parts. This standard was to exist kept at the Exchequer. In 1760, a re-create of Bird's standard, made ii years before, was synthetic.
  36. ^ Herbert Treadwell Wade (1905). The New international encyclopaedia. Dodd, Mead and company. p. 405.
  37. ^ Charles Hutton Dowling (1872). A series of metric tables: in which the British standard measures and weights are compared with those of the metric system at present in apply on the continent. Lockwood. pp. xii–3.
  38. ^ Bang-up United kingdom (1824). The statutes of the United Kingdom of Great U.k. and Republic of ireland (1807–1865). His Majesty's statute and law printers. pp. 339–354.
  39. ^ a b Thou. B. Airy; F. Baily; J. E. D. Bethune; J. F. W. Herschel; J. 1000. S. Lefevre; J. W. Lubbock; M. Peacock; R. Sheepshanks (1841). Report of the Commissioners appointed to consider the steps to be taken for restoration of the standards of weight & measure (Report). London: W. Clowes and Sons for Her Majesty's Jotter Role. Retrieved 20 April 2020. We shall in the first place draw the state of the Standards recovered from the ruins of the House of Commons, equally ascertained in our inspection of them made on 1st June, 1838, at the Periodical Office… No. 1. A contumely bar marked "Standard [Thousand. 2. crown emblem] Chiliad, 1758," which on examination was constitute to take its correct hand stud perfect, with the point and line visible, simply with its left hand stud completely melted out, a hole only remaining. The bar was somewhat bent, and discoloured in every part. No. 2. A brass bar with a projecting cock at each end, forming a bed for the trial of yard-measures; discoloured. No. 3. A brass bar marked "Standard [K. Ii. crown emblem] Thousand, 1760," from which the left paw stud was completely melted out, and which in other respects was in the same status every bit No. i. No. iv. A yard-bed like to No. ii; discoloured. … Information technology appears from this list that the bar adopted in the Human activity 5th Geo. Four., cap. 74, sect. 1, for the legal standard of one thousand, (No. iii of the preceding list), is so far injured, that it is incommunicable to ascertain from information technology, with the virtually moderate accurateness, the statutable length of 1 yard. … We take therefore to report that it is absolutely necessary that steps be taken for the formation and legalizing of new Standards of Length and Weight.
  40. ^ J. F. W. Herschel (1845). Memoir of Francis Baily, Esq (Study). London: Moyes and Barclay. pp. 23–24. Retrieved xx April 2020.
  41. ^ Purple commission on scientific pedagogy and the advancement of science: Minutes of evidence, appendices, and analyses of evidence, Vol. II (Report). London: George Edward Eyre and William Spottiswoode Printers of the queen'due south nearly excellent majesty for Her Majesty's Stationery officeholder. 1874. p. 184. Retrieved xx April 2020.
  42. ^ "Art. 8.—Report of the Commissioners appointed to consider the steps to be taken for restoration of the standards of weight and measure. Presented to both Houses of Parliament by Command of her Majesty, 1841.", The Edinburgh Review, Edinburgh: Ballantyne and Hughes, vol. 77, no. February, 1843 … April, 1843, p. 228, 1843
  43. ^ Connor 1987, p. 261.
  44. ^ Ronald Edward Zupko (1990). Revolution in measurement: Western European weights and measures since the age of science. American Philosophical Lodge. p. 183. ISBN978-0-87169-186-6.
  45. ^ Connor 1987, p. 264–266.
  46. ^ "NIST museum collection". Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2012-01-22 .
  47. ^ Uk (1878). Statutes at large. pp. 308–341.
  48. ^ "History Of Scale". Norwich Instrument Services. 2012.
  49. ^ "The Gauge Cake Handbook" (PDF). The National Constitute of Standards and Technology (NIST). 2013.
  50. ^ John Mews, ed. (1897). "Statutes of the Realm – sixty–61 Victoria". The Law periodical reports. Vol. 66. London: The Law Periodical Reports. p. 109.
  51. ^ A. V. Astin & H. Arnold Karo, (1959), Refinement of values for the thou and the pound, Washington DC: National Bureau of Standards, republished on National Geodetic Survey spider web site and the Federal Register (Doc. 59-5442, Filed, June 30, 1959, viii:45 a.m.)
  52. ^ Ronald Edward Zupko (1990). Revolution in measurement: Western European weights and measures since the age of science. American Philosophical Club. p. 432. ISBN978-0-87169-186-6.
  53. ^ Weights and Measures Human activity 1985 BAILY'Due south METAL. PARLIAMENTARY COPY (VI) OF THE IMPERIAL STANDARD Grand. 41 & 42 VICTORIA, Affiliate 49. STANDARD Thousand AT 62° FAHT. Cast IN 1878
  54. ^ American Football pitch dimensions
  55. ^ Canadian Football Pitch dimensions
  56. ^ Association Football pitch dimensions,
  57. ^ Cricket pitch dimensions
  58. ^ Driving Standards Agency (1999), The Highway Code, London: The Jotter Office, ISBN 0-11-551977-7, pp. 74–75
  59. ^ "S0733: Frozen design". Simplicity New Await. Retrieved 1 January 2015. The pattern envelope shows the cloth requirements in yards and eighths, in English language, and in metric measurements, in French.
  60. ^ "Carrington Fabrics Classique Satin Fabric, Black, £12.00 per metre". John Lewis & Partners. Retrieved 17 November 2019.
  61. ^ Penn, Sue (2006). "What are Fatty Quarters?". Fat Quarter Quilting. Krause Publications Arts and crafts. ISBN9780896891715.
  62. ^ Yoder, Corey (2014). "Fat 8th Bundles". Playful Petals: Learn Unproblematic, Fusible Appliqué. C&T Publishing. p. 23. ISBN9781607057987.
  63. ^ The statutes at big. 1763. p. 631.
  64. ^ Charles Arnold (1850). The boy'due south arithmetic. p. 54.
  65. ^ The Encyclopedia Americana. Encyclopedia Americana Corp. 1920. p. 165.
  66. ^ Instructions for cutting out wearing apparel for the poor. Sold by J. Walter. 1789. p. 53.
  67. ^ Isaiah Steen (1846). A treatise on mental arithmetic, in theory and practise. p. nine.
  68. ^ Donald Fenna (26 October 2002). A lexicon of weights, measures, and units . Oxford University Printing. pp. 130–1. ISBN978-0-19-860522-five.
  69. ^ Hearst Magazines (March 1959). "Popular Mechanics". Popular Mechanics. Hearst Magazines: 248. ISSN 0032-4558.
  70. ^ "On what basis is one inch exactly equal to 25.4 mm? Has the imperial inch been adjusted to give this exact fit and if and then when?". National Concrete Laboratory. Retrieved 2012-01-07 .
  71. ^ a b c d NIST Guide to the SI – department B.6 U.Due south. survey foot and mile
  72. ^ NIST Handbook 44 – 2012 Appendix C "General Tables of Units of Measurement" page C-5

Bibliography [edit]

  • Langland, William (1957), The Book Concerning Piers the Plowman, Translated by Rachel Attwater & al., London: J.M. Dent & Sons .
  • Bennett, Keith (2004), The Metrology Handbook, American Society for Quality Measurement, ISBN978-0-87389-620-vii .
  • Connor, R.D. (1987), The Weights and Measures of England, HMSO, p. xxiv, ISBN978-0-eleven-290435-ix .
  • Ewart, William (1862), Report from the Select Committee on Weights and Measures .
  • Fowler, W., ed. (1884), Transactions of the Imperial Establishment of Chartered Surveyors .
  • Giles, John Allen, ed. (1866), William of Malmesbury'southward Chronicle of the Kings of England from the Earliest Period to the Reign of King Stephen with Notes and Illustrations, London: Bell & Daldy .
  • Green, Judith A. (1986), The Government of England under Henry I , Cambridge Academy Printing, ISBN0-521-37586-10 .
  • Langland, William (1377) [Digitized 2011], Burrow, John; et al. (eds.), The vision of William apropos Piers Plowman [The Piers Plowman Electronic Annal, Vol. nine: The B-Version Archetype] , Boydell & Brewer Ltd. for Medieval Academy of America and Order for Early on English & Norse Electronic Texts . (in Middle English language)
  • Liebermann, Felix (1903), Die gesetze der Angelsachsen: Text und übersetzung, Max Niemeyer .
  • Oxford English Dictionary, 1st ed. , Oxford: Oxford Academy Press, 1921 .
  • Ruffhead, Owen, ed. (1765), Statutes at Large, London: G. Baskett .
  • The Statutes of the United kingdom of Great United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland and Ireland (1807–1865), His Majesty'southward statute and law printers, 1824 .
  • Thorpe, Benjamin (1840), "The Laws of Rex Edgar", Aboriginal Laws and Institutes of England; Comprising Laws enacted under the Anglo-Saxon Kings from Æthelbirht to Cnut, With an English Translation of the Saxon; The Laws chosen Edward the Confessor'southward; The Laws of William the Conqueror, and those ascribed to Henry the Beginning: Also, Monumenta Ecclesiastica Anglicana, From the 7th to the Tenth Century; And the Ancient Latin Version of the Anglo-Saxon Laws. With a Compendious Glossary, &c., London: Commissioners of the Public Records of the Kingdom . (in Old English) & (in Latin) & (in English language)
  • Watson, Charles Moore (1910), British Weights and Measures as Described in the Laws of England from Anglo-Saxon Times, London: John Murray .

External links [edit]

  • The lexicon definition of grand at Wiktionary

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yard

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